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End Times This is simply a theory based on the sources listed and conjecture. This is NOT entirely found is holy scripture. Psalm 90:4 A thousand years in your sight are like a day that has just gone by, or like a watch in the night 2 Peter 3:8 But do not forget this one thing, dear friends: With the Lord a day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years are like a day. *Before we begin, if you are unfamiliar with the Millennial Day Theory, please click the section below 'The Millennial Day Theory in Early Writings '.* Time periods are translated to BC/AD from AM (Anno Mundi), which is the system that begins counting years from the creation of the world, rather than making the origin point the birth of Christ. Millennial Day Theory Age of Chaos Days 1 & 2 0 AM - 2000 AM / 3929 BC - 1929 BC Day 1 Evening (3929 BC – 3429 BC): Creation and the Fall / Birth of Jared Morning (3429 BC – 2929 BC): Birth of Enoch / Ascent of Enoch Day 2 Evening- (2929 BC – 2429 BC): Birth of Noah / Death of Jared Morning- (2429 BC – 1929 BC): The Great Flood / Abraham's Death Age of Law Days 3 & 4 2000 AM - 4000 AM / 1929 BC - 72 AD Day 3 Evening (1929 BC – 1429 BC): Death of Noah / Death of Joseph Morning (1429 BC – 929 BC): The Exodus / Solomon's Temple Construction Day 4 Evening (929 BC – 429 BC): Division of the Kingdom / Destruction of the Kingdoms Morning (429 BC – 72 AD): Restoration from Exile / Birth of Jesus and Destruction of Second Temple Messianic Age Days 5 & 6 4000 AM - 6000 AM / 72 AD - 2072 AD Day 5 Evening (72 AD – 572 AD): Early Church / Fall of Western Roman Empire Morning (572 AD – 1072 AD): The Great Monasteries / Schisms Day 6 Evening (1072 AD – 1572 AD) The Crusades / The Protestant Reformation Morning (1572 AD – 2072 AD) KJV Published / Israel's Rebirth and the modern era Millennium Reign Day 7 6000 - 7000 AM / 2072 AD - 3072 AD Evening (2072 AD - 2572 AD) Christ rules on earth, Satan bound for 1000 years Morning (2572 AD - 3072 AD) New Jerusalem 1 day / 1000 years 12 hours / 500 years (evening/morning) 6 hours / 250 years 3 hours / 120 years 1 hour / 41 years and 8 months 1 minute / 8 months and 10 days 1 second / 4 days and 5 hours According to this chart, we are in day 6, approaching the last hour, or 41 years and 8 months to 2072 (year 6000), beginning January 2031. Year 6000, or 2072 AD begins the Thousand Year Reign, ending in 3072 AD, or year 7000. *2031 kicks off the last hour (around January). *Signs, earthquakes, and weather phenomena increase *2065 Rise of Antichrist, peaceful reign *2069 Two witnesses, Beast system *September 23 2071 solar eclipse on Rosh Hashanah, year 6000 according to the ancient Hebrew year before Seder HaOlam, *September 26 2071 Rev12 (Revelation 12) sign in heavens on Shabbat Shuvah (Sabbath of Return during Ten Days of Repentance) *End Messianic Age, begin Millennial Reign *2072 Christ returns and rapture / Antichrist defeated *3000 Resurrection of the dead *3070 New Jerusalem / Third Temple, 3 days=3000 years from destruction of 2nd Temple (the 3 days spoke of Jesus' body resurrecting in 3 days, multilayered prophecy) *This is the dwelling place of the elect (satan is freed for a time) until satan is cast to lake of fire "Children, it is the last hour, and as you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come. Therefore we know that it is the last hour ." - 1 John 2:18 Hebrew Year The ancient year was originally longer- about 168 years longer. In the 2nd century AD, Talmudic sage Rabbi Yose ben Halafta wrote Seder Olam Rabbah, or "The Great Order of the World", according to tradition. In this book, he "corrected" the year of the world because the biblical text only mentions a few Persian kings and leaves large time gaps. Short Persian Empire Chronology : ~52 years Long Persian Empire Chronology : ~220 years Was Rabbi Yose ben Halafta correct? Let's look at the duration of the Archaemenid Persian Empire: Achaemenid Empire begins : ~550 BC (Cyrus II) Achaemenid Empire ends : 330 BC (Darius III) Duration: about 220 years * Ancient Hebrew year 6000 AM = Modern Hebrew year 5832 AM Messianic Prophecy Coverup *Daniel 9:24-27 “Seventy weeks are decreed about your people and your holy city, to finish the transgression, to put an end to sin, and to atone for iniquity, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal both vision and prophet, and to anoint a most holy place. Know therefore and understand that from the going out of the word to restore and build Jerusalem to the coming of an anointed one, a prince, there shall be seven weeks. Then for sixty-two weeks it shall be built again with squares and moat, but in a troubled time. And after the sixty-two weeks, an anointed one shall be cut off and shall have nothing. And the people of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary. Its end shall come with a flood, and to the end there shall be war. Desolations are decreed. And he shall make a strong covenant with many for one week, and for half of the week he shall put an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of abominations shall come one who makes desolate, until the decreed end is poured out on the desolator.” Verse 24 “Seventy weeks are decreed about your people and your holy city" A week in this context, or a week of years is equal to 7 years. 70 weeks of years is 490 years. Verse 25, "-from the going out of the word to restore and build Jerusalem to the coming of an anointed one" The "going out of the word to restore and build Jerusalem" refers to the decree of Artexerxes found in Ezra 7:11-28. Ezra's commission by Artaxerxes to restore proper worship and civil order was in 457BC. 7 weeks to "an anointed one", or 49 years from the year 457BC (409BC). In 525BC, the Jews in Egypt built the Elephantine temple and used it for decades. The Elephantine Temple practiced synchronism, merging Judaism with polytheism and breaking the Sabbath. Next door to the Elephantine Temple was an Egyptian Temple dedicated to Khnum, the ram-headed creator god. The wicked Elephantine Jews still kept the ram sacrifices. Because of this, local pagan Egyptian priests rioted and destroyed the Elephantine Temple around 410 BC. Fearing the Egyptians, the Yedaniah, the chief priest of the Elephantine Island community, wrote to Johanan, the high priest in Jerusalem, to use his political leverage with Persia to help restore the Elephantine Temple. Johanan disregarded these pleas for three years. By doing this, Johanan ensured that these animal sacrifices happened only in the Second Temple of Jerusalem, and even when Samaria helped restore the Elephantine Temple, animal sacrifices were still prohibited, per the Archaemenid Persian Empire. 434 years later (62 weeks of years) from near the beginning of the silent period in 409 BC, we arrive at 27 AD, or the beginning of Christ's ministry at age 30. Historians agree that the birth of Christ was roughly 4 BC, due to a simple calendar math error made by Dionysius and Jewish historian Josephus' account of the death of King Herod the Great. Josephus recorded that Herod died shortly after a lunar eclipse, just before Passover. Modern astronomers calculated a highly visible partial lunar eclipse over Judea on March 12-13, 4 BC, followed by Passover 29 years later. If Herod died around that time, then Jesus had to be born earlier. 4 BC is 69 weeks 483 years from 457 BC. Verse 26, "an anointed one shall be cut off and shall have nothing" The anointed one cut off here appears to be Jesus, who was slain exactly 490 years after the decree of Artaxerxes, year 30 AD. Removing 168 years from the timeline would push the messiah back to 139 BC, around the time Simon Thassi (Maccabee), when Judea secured formal political independence, backed by the Roman Republic. Simon could not be the prophecied messiah for a few reasons. 1. Simon was a placeholder. 1 Maccabees 14:41 - "The Jews and their priests have resolved that Simon should be their leader and high priest forever, until a trustworthy prophet should arise." 2. Simon was a Levite. The prophecied messiah must be of the tribe of Judah (Genesis 49:10, 2 Samuel 7), a descendant of David. 3. Simon doesn't meet the "and shall have nothing", since he ruled over the Hasmonean Dynasty and had great wealth. Verse 27 "And he shall make a strong covenant with many for one week, and for half of the week he shall put an end to sacrifice and offering." One week of years is just one week (34 AD). Half of that week, or 3 and a half years from 27 AD, puts us in 30 AD. Rosh Hashanna, the Hebrew new year, occurs in the Fall season on the first of Tishrei, which may be anywhere from early September to early October. Tishrei is the beginning of the year, but numbered as the seventh, because it is the seventh agricultural month. On the first of Tishrei is where you would begin the counting of years, including Sabbatical Years and Jubilee Years, according to scripture and ancient tradition, like Mishnah Rosh Hashanna 1:1. Leviticus 25:8-9 “You shall count seven weeks of years, seven times seven years, so that the time of the seven weeks of years shall give you forty-nine years. Then you shall sound the loud trumpet on the tenth day of the seventh month. On the Day of Atonement you shall sound the trumpet throughout all your land." Therefore, if the three and a half weeks begin in Fall, that following half year would leave us in the Spring, around the time of Passover 30 AD, or the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The "strong covenant" seven year period mentioned in Daniel 9:27 that began in 27 AD ends in the Fall of 34 AD, when Stephen is stoned and Saul is converted on the road to Demascus. *For this next section, it would help if you follow along with a stargazing app, like Star Walk 2 or Stellarium* Revelation 12 The Rev12 Sign "And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars" Rev12 refers to the heavenly sign of Revelation 12:1. Now, we know this layered prophecy applies to Israel (Genesis 37:9-10) and it can also apply to Mary as a vision of the birth of Jesus (Luke 2). When applied astronomically, however, we can see that the woman here is the constellation, Virgo, with the sun positioned on her abdomen and the moon at her feet. Above her head is Leo Major, made of nine stars and Leo Minor above, made of 3- making the 12 starred crown. The Rev12 sign appears annually, but incomplete- not fully matching the full biblical description. Now, lets further analyze the symbology. Revelation 12:3: "And another sign appeared in heaven: behold, a great red dragon, with seven heads and ten horns, and on his heads seven diadems." To the right of Virgo, or south, we see the Hydra- whose head(s) and upper neck is made up of 7 stars. Above Hydra, we have Cancer and Canis Minor. Cancer is made up of 5 stars, and Canis Minor makes up the remaining 2, forming the 7 diadems. To understand the horns (Greek word 'keras'), we have to understand its ancient use. Keras was not simply used exclusively to refer to the horns of an animal, but it was commonly used to refer to a main part of a body, especially when used militarily, referring to a flank (sides of a formation). Keras was also used in reference to mountain peaks, or main points of a structure. Here are some examples of the historical use of keras: “The enemy, seeing that our center was strong, began to extend their line, wheeling their horns (κέρατα / kerata) to encircle us, leaving their main body exposed.” (Xenophon, Anabasis, 1.8.23). “Alexander ordered the infantry phalanx to hold the center, while he took command of the right horn (right flank) of the body.” (Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 2.8.9). "As Hasdrubal approached the region, he pitched his camp near the city, right at the base of the ridge where the horns of the mountain (τὰ κέρατα τοῦ ὄρους) rose sharply into the sky, commanding a complete view over the plains below." (Polybius, The Histories, Book 10, Fragment 30) "The harbor itself is shaped like a stag's horn, for it is split into many branches... and the high ridge that towers directly over it is called The Horn of the Mountain ( Κέρας Ὄρους ) because of its jagged, soaring peak." (Strabo, Geography, Book 7, Chapter 7) So what are the ten horns of the dragon in Revelation? We established that seven stars make up its head. The Hydra is made of 17 stars, leaving the remaining 10 that make up the main portions of its body as the horns. As Hydra dives below the horizon, taking other stars with its tail end. As time progresses, we see the sun moving below Virgo's body until it comes out from below her perineal region, or she gives birth (10/20/2071). If we look below Virgo, we'll see Sagittarius (Michael, perhaps) aiming his bow directly at the Hydra. As the Hydra is thrown down, or sets on the horizon, we see Sagittarius pursue him. Below the sun, we see see a progression- Libra (restored order) and Ophiuchus (to the right of Sagittarius), who may be representative of Jesus' power over the serpent, and positioned standing over Scorpius. Let's now switch the serpent from the Hydra to the snake held by Ophiuchus, since he had been defeated (Collossians 2:15, Luke 10:19, Mark 16:18). (12:13-14) "And when the dragon saw that he had been thrown down to the earth, he pursued the woman who had given birth to the male child. But the woman was given the two wings of the great eagle so that she might fly from the serpent into the wilderness, to the place where she is to be nourished for a time, and times, and half a time." After being thrown down, the serpent pursues Virgo as she sets on the horizon. She then rises on the west (toward Egypt) with wings to flee the serpent. (15-16) "The serpent poured water like a river out of his mouth after the woman, to sweep her away with a flood. But the earth came to the help of the woman, and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon had poured from his mouth." This part is much more speculative, since Hydrus is a modern constellation, but let's again shift the serpent to the much smaller Hydrus. Out of the mouth of Hydrus comes Eridanus (the Celestial River), which is poured out toward Virgo. (17) "Then the dragon became furious with the woman and went off to make war on the rest of her offspring, on those who keep the commandments of God and hold to the testimony of Jesus. And he stood on the sand of the sea." The Dragon isn't finished yet. Above him, we see the Phoenix (another modern constellation). Just like the Phoenix, he wants to rise from his ashes. Also note that Hydrus is fixed below the horizon, or "standing on the sand of the sea." Revelation 13 "And I saw a beast rising out of the sea, with ten horns and seven heads, with ten diadems on its horns and blasphemous names on its heads. And the beast that I saw was like a leopard; its feet were like a bear's, and its mouth was like a lion's mouth. And to it the dragon gave his power and his throne and great authority." This beast may be a combination of three constellations. The ancient Babylonian constellation Nimru (leopard), with the feet of Ursa (bear), the mouth of Leo (lion). It was given power and authority by Draco (dragon). Nimru, the leopard is the beast, whose Sumerian name UD.KA.DU.A translates to "the demon with a gaping mouth" (perhaps for uttering blasphemy) or "raging storm". The body of Nimru is the modern constellation Cygnus and the head is the modern constellation Cepheus. The horns, or major parts that make up the body are the stars that make up Cygnus: Albireo, Cygnus, Deneb, Fawaris, Theta Cygni, L2 Cygni, Kappa Cygni, Aljanah, Zeta Cygni, Eta Cygni The heads are the stars that make up Cepheus: Alderamin, Alfirk, Errai, Alkurhah (Xi Cephei), Kurhah (Zeta Cephei), Iota Cephei, Delta Cephei, Epsilon Cephei The diadems are likely stars from Ursa Minor and Cassiopeia (the harlot in Rev 17). I selected the following: Schedar, Caph, Ruchbah, Segin, Tsih, Polaris, Yildun, Epsilon Ursae Minoris, Zeta Ursae Minoris, Kochab. The mortal head wound may be NGC 7822, also called the Question Mark Nebula. This nebula is located on Cepheus, or the head of Nimru. The second beast is Draco, known in Greek mythology as Ladon, the hundred headed dragon, who guarded Hera's golden apples by coiling himself around the sacred tree in the Garden of the Hesperides. Each of his heads can speak in a cacophony of different voices, tones, and languages. He could mimic the voices of humans, gods, and various animals all at once. This served as a psychological weapon, terrifying anyone who approached the garden by making them feel surrounded by an entire army of diverse creatures. Ladon is slain by Heracles (Hercules) during his eleventh labor via poisoned arrow. Revelation 13:13-15 "It performs great signs, even making fire come down from heaven to earth in front of people, and by the signs that it is allowed to work in the presence of the beast it deceives those who dwell on earth, telling them to make an image for the beast that was wounded by the sword and yet lived. And it was allowed to give breath to the image of the beast, so that the image of the beast might even speak and might cause those who would not worship the image of the beast to be slain. " Fire from heaven to earth may refer to The Draconid Meteor Shower, which is an annual meteor shower that lights up the night sky every October (typically from Oct 8-10), caused by the periodic comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner, which orbits the Sun every 6.6 years. We can see Draco spewing 21P on June 2070 and again. Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner will get closest to Earth and the inner solar system on August 30, 2031. The image of the Beast may be Pegasus, as its shape is almost identical to the shape of Cepherus, or the head of Nimru. The following images are from Star Walk 2 (location: Jerusalem): Eclipse 09/23/2071 Rev12 09/26/2071 And God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night. And let them be for signs and for seasons, and for days and years, Genesis 1:14 The Mark of the Beast Revelation 13:16-18 "Also it causes all, both small and great, both rich and poor, both free and slave, to be marked on the right hand or the forehead, so that no one can buy or sell unless he has the mark, that is, the name of the beast or the number of its name. This calls for wisdom: let the one who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man, and his number is 666 ." According to the text, the Beast causes all to receive a mark, which is the name of the Beast and the number of his name- 666. The number of the Beast in the earlier manuscripts (Papyrus 115 and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Codex C) is 616. In Greek, which Revelation is written in, the number of the Beast can be added up to spell Caesar Nero. The Greek version of his name is Neron Kaisar (Νέρων Καῖσαρ). Transliterated into Hebrew consonants, this is spelled (read from right to left) נרון קסר, or Nun, Resh, Waw, Nun, Qof, Samek, Resh (transliteration: N-R-W-N Q-S-R). Although this may sound convincing, this same formula can be used to prove any name adds up to 666 or 616, Although Revelation was written in Greek, Jesus and John were likely conversing in Aramaic and both perfect understood Hebrew, as it was read in the temple. When we instead apply the Hebrew Gematria and use both the symbolic meaning of the pictographs and their numerical values, we get a much clearer message. The Hebrew letters used today (square script) are actually Aramaic. Ancient Hebrew used images (see Paleo-Hebrew chart picture). Each Hebrew letter represented something and each Hebrew word contained a message within it. Let's take a look at the numerical values of each letter representative of the number 616 in order from greatest to least. Tav = 400, Resh = 200, Yod = 10, Vav = 6 Tav can mean mark, sign, or covenant. Its symbol is a cross. Resh can mean first or head. Its symbol is a head. Yod can mean hand, work, throw. Its symbol is an arm and hand. Waw (Vav) can mean to secure or add (and). Its symbol is a tent peg or nail. The symbols spell out, "Cross, Head. Hand, Nail". If we read it using the meaning of each symbol, "Mark, Head, Hand, And" Or, if we swap the placement of Yod and Vav, "Mark, Head, And, Hand" That's the message that we get in Revelation 13:16. Why would John conceal a message that is revealed just two verses earlier from when he invites anybody with wisdom and understanding to calculate the number of his name? Perhaps this beast figure's name is made of the consonants T-R-V-Y. The Millennial Day Theory in Early Writings The Epistle of Barnabas, chapter 15: Further, also, it is written concerning the Sabbath in the Decalogue which [the Lord] spoke, face to face, to Moses on Mount Sinai, “And sanctify ye the Sabbath of the Lord with clean hands and a pure heart.” And He says in another place, “If my sons keep the Sabbath, then will I cause my mercy to rest upon them.” The Sabbath is mentioned at the beginning of the creation [thus]: “And God made in six days the works of His hands, and made an end on the seventh day, and rested on it, and sanctified it.” Attend, my children, to the meaning of this expression, “He finished in six days.” This implieth that the Lord will finish all things in six thousand years, for a day is with Him a thousand years. And He Himself testifieth, saying, “Behold, to-day will be as a thousand years.” Therefore, my children, in six days, that is, in six thousand years, all things will be finished. “And He rested on the seventh day.” This meaneth: when His Son, coming [again], shall destroy the time of the wicked man, and judge the ungodly, and change the sun, and the moon, and the stars, then shall He truly rest on the seventh day. Moreover, He says, “Thou shalt sanctify it with pure hands and a pure heart.” If, therefore, any one can now sanctify the day which God hath sanctified, except he is pure in heart in all things, we are deceived. Behold, therefore: certainly then one properly resting sanctifies it, when we ourselves, having received the promise, wickedness no longer existing, and all things having been made new by the Lord, shall be able to work righteousness. Then we shall be able to sanctify it, having been first sanctified ourselves. Further, He says to them, “Your new moons and your Sabbath I cannot endure.” Ye perceive how He speaks: Your present Sabbaths are not acceptable to Me, but that is which I have made, [namely this,] when, giving rest to all things, I shall make a beginning of the eighth day, that is, a beginning of another world. Wherefore, also, we keep the eighth day with joyfulness, the day also on which Jesus rose again from the dead. And when He had manifested Himself, He ascended into the heavens Irenaeus, Book V, Chapter 28, verse 3: For in as many days as this world was made, in so many thousand years shall it be concluded. And for this reason the Scripture says: Thus the heaven and the earth were finished, and all their adornment. And God brought to a conclusion upon the sixth day the works that He had made; and God rested upon the seventh day from all His works. Genesis 2:2 This is an account of the things formerly created, as also it is a prophecy of what is to come. For the day of the Lord is as a thousand years; 2 Peter 3:8 and in six days created things were completed: it is evident, therefore, that they will come to an end at the sixth thousand year. Hippolytus of Rome writes on commentary for Daniel 4:23: "And 6,000 years must needs be accomplished, in order that the Sabbath may come, the rest, the holy day 'on which God rested from all His works.'" Then: "For the Sabbath is the type and emblem of the future kingdom of the saints, when they shall reign with Christ, when He comes from heaven..." And: "For a day with the Lord is as a thousand years. Since, then, in six days God made all things, it follows that 6,000 years must be fulfilled." Lactantius (Divine Institutes, Book VII, Chapter 14) "The world must continue in its present state through six ages, that is, six thousand years." Then: "At the end of the sixth thousandth year all wickedness must be abolished from the earth, and righteousness reign for a thousand years; and there must be tranquillity and rest from the labours which the world now has long endured." From Sanhedrin 97a: Rav Ketina says: Six thousand years is the duration of the world, and it is in ruins for one thousand years. The duration of the period during which the world is in ruins is derived from a verse, as it is stated: “And the Lord alone shall be exalted on that day” (Isaiah 2:11), and the day of God lasts one thousand years. Abaye says: It is in ruins for two thousand years, as it is stated: “After two days He will revive us; in the third day He will revive us, and we shall live in His presence” (Hosea 6:2). It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rav Ketina: Just as the Sabbatical Year abrogates debts once in seven years, so too, the world abrogates its typical existence for one thousand years in every seven thousand years, as it is stated: “And the Lord alone shall be exalted on that day,” and it states: “A psalm, a song for the Shabbat day” (Psalms 92:1), meaning a day, i.e., one thousand years, that is entirely Shabbat. And it says in explanation of the equation between one day and one thousand years: “For a thousand years in Your eyes are but like yesterday when it is past, and like a watch in the night” (Psalms 90:4). 1 Enoch, in the Apocalyse of Weeks, from chapter 93: And Enoch began to recount from the books and said: ' I was born the seventh in the first week, While judgement and righteousness still endured. And after me there shall arise in the second week great wickedness, And deceit shall have sprung up; And in it there shall be the first end. And in it a man shall be saved; And after it is ended unrighteousness shall grow up, And a law shall be made for the sinners. And after that in the third week at its close A man shall be elected as the plant of righteous judgement, And his posterity shall become the plant of righteousness for evermore. And after that in the fourth week, at its close, Visions of the holy and righteous shall be seen, And a law for all generations and an enclosure shall be made for them. And after that in the fifth week, at its close, The house of glory and dominion shall be built for ever. And after that in the sixth week all who live in it shall be blinded, And the hearts of all of them shall godlessly forsake wisdom. And in it a man shall ascend; And at its close the house of dominion shall be burnt with fire, And the whole race of the chosen root shall be dispersed. And after that in the seventh week shall an apostate generation arise, And many shall be its deeds, And all its deeds shall be apostate. And at its close shall be elected The elect righteous of the eternal plant of righteousness, To receive sevenfold instruction concerning all His creation. For who is there of all the children of men that is able to hear the voice of the Holy One without being troubled? And who can think His thoughts? and who is there that can behold all the works of heaven? And after that there shall be another, the eighth week, that of righteousness, And a sword shall be given to it that a righteous judgement may be executed on the oppressors, And sinners shall be delivered into the hands of the righteous. And at its close they shall acquire houses through their righteousness, And a house shall be built for the Great King in glory for evermore, 14d And all mankind shall look to the path of uprightness. And after that, in the ninth week, the righteous judgement shall be revealed to the whole world, And all the works of the godless shall vanish from all the earth, And the world shall be written down for destruction. And after this, in the tenth week in the seventh part, There shall be the great eternal judgement, In which He will execute vengeance amongst the angels. And the first heaven shall depart and pass away, And a new heaven shall appear, And all the powers of the heavens shall give sevenfold light. And after that there will be many weeks without number for ever, And all shall be in goodness and righteousness, And sin shall no more be mentioned for ever.

Baptist Origins and Historical Context The Baptist tradition began in the early 1600s in England, during a time of great religious turmoil. Following the English Reformation, the Church of England retained many of the liturgical and hierarchical elements of Roman Catholicism, which led to widespread dissatisfaction among the Puritans and Separatists. While the Puritans aimed to reform the Church from within, the Separatists believed in breaking away entirely to form independent congregations. John Smyth, originally a clergyman in the Church of England, became a Separatist who rejected infant baptism and state control of the church. Around 1609, Smyth and his congregation fled to Amsterdam to escape persecution. There, he came to believe that only professing believers should be baptized, leading him to reject the common practice of infant baptism. Smyth baptized himself and then baptized others in his group, marking the birth of the first Baptist congregation. After Smyth’s death, Thomas Helwys returned to England and established the first Baptist church on English soil around 1612 in Spitalfields, London. Helwys also became one of the earliest champions of religious liberty, writing in his famous treatise A Short Declaration of the Mystery of Iniquity (1612) that “men’s religion to God is between God and themselves.” This was revolutionary at a time when the English crown demanded conformity to the state church. Core Beliefs and Practices The Baptists were known for several distinctive beliefs that set them apart from other Christian groups: Believer’s Baptism by Immersion: The defining characteristic of Baptist faith is the conviction that baptism should be administered only to those who have personally professed faith in Jesus Christ. They rejected infant baptism, arguing that baptism symbolizes the believer’s conscious identification with Christ’s death, burial, and resurrection (Romans 6:3–4). Biblical Authority: Baptists have always held the Bible as the sole and final authority in matters of faith and practice—an extension of the Reformation principle of sola Scriptura. Autonomy of the Local Church: Baptist congregations are independent and self-governing. They reject hierarchical structures such as bishops or popes and instead practice congregational governance, where each local body manages its own affairs under the guidance of Scripture. Religious Liberty and Separation of Church and State: One of the most profound contributions of early Baptists was their advocacy for freedom of conscience and religious liberty. Helwys and later Baptists in America, such as Roger Williams (founder of Rhode Island), argued that the state had no authority to compel or restrict religious belief. Evangelism and Mission Work: Baptists placed strong emphasis on personal conversion and evangelism. By the 18th and 19th centuries, they became a leading force in the modern missionary movement, inspired by figures such as William Carey, often called the “Father of Modern Missions.” What the Baptists Got Right and Wrong The Baptists got much right in terms of biblical truth and spiritual conviction. Their insistence on believer’s baptism aligns closely with New Testament practice, as seen in Acts where baptism always follows personal faith. Their emphasis on Scripture’s authority and religious liberty also contributed greatly to the spread of biblical Christianity and democratic ideals. However, certain divisions and excesses arose over time. Some Baptist groups became hyper-separatist or legalistic, focusing more on denominational identity than unity in Christ. Others, such as in the 19th-century Landmark Baptist movement, rejected fellowship with other Christians altogether. Moreover, the historical involvement of some Baptists in slavery and racial segregation, particularly in the American South, represented a moral failure contrary to the biblical teachings they upheld. Development and Modern Impact The Baptist movement did not end; instead, it expanded globally, becoming one of the largest Protestant families in the world. The Particular Baptists (Calvinistic) and General Baptists (Arminian) arose in England in the 1600s, differing over doctrines of predestination and atonement. In America, the movement flourished with the founding of the Southern Baptist Convention (1845) and various other associations worldwide. Today, Baptists number over 100 million members globally, with diverse expressions ranging from conservative evangelical groups to more progressive branches. While their unity centers on believer’s baptism and local church autonomy, there remains a broad spectrum of theological and social views among them. Branches Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) American Baptist Churches USA (ABCUSA) National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc. Progressive National Baptist Convention (PNBC) General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (GARBC) Independent Fundamental Baptist (IFB) Free Will Baptists Primitive Baptists Missionary Baptists Seventh Day Baptists Reformed Baptists Conservative Baptist Association of America (CBA) Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF) Landmark Baptists General Baptists Particular Baptists Swedish Baptists (later became Baptist General Conference / Converge) New England Baptists World Baptist Fellowship

Paulicianism Origins and Founder Paulicianism was a significant Christian sect that emerged in the Eastern Byzantine Empire during the 7th century, founded by a man named Constantine of Mananalis, also known as Silvanus after the apostle mentioned in the New Testament. The Paulicians arose as a reformist and reactionary movement against what they perceived as the corruption, idolatry, and formalism of the Byzantine Church. They sought to return to what they considered the simplicity and purity of apostolic Christianity. Their beliefs, practices, and historical legacy make them one of the most fascinating yet controversial sects in early medieval Christianity. The founder, Constantine of Mananalis, was born in the region of Armenia, near Samosata, around the early 7th century. According to historical sources, such as Peter of Sicily and the later Byzantine chroniclers, Constantine became disillusioned with the opulent and hierarchical structure of the Byzantine Church. He allegedly came into contact with a deacon who gave him a copy of the Gospels and the letters of Paul. Deeply moved by these texts, Constantine adopted the teachings of the apostle Paul as his guide for faith and life—hence the name Paulicians, or “followers of Paul.” He began preaching a return to the “spiritual Christianity” of the apostolic age, rejecting the rituals, icons, and priestly system that had developed in the Byzantine Church. His community grew in the Armenian highlands and eastern parts of the empire, particularly among those dissatisfied with imperial and ecclesiastical authority. Doctrines and Beliefs The Paulicians’ doctrines were a blend of primitive Christian idealism, dualistic tendencies, and a strong anti-clerical spirit. Their beliefs can be summarized as follows: Authority of Scripture – The Paulicians emphasized the New Testament, particularly the writings of Paul, as the only authority in matters of faith. They rejected much of the Old Testament, viewing the God of the Old Testament as distinct from the God revealed in Christ—a concept showing traces of Gnostic or Marcionite influence. Rejection of Church Hierarchy and Sacraments – The Paulicians opposed the elaborate hierarchy of bishops, priests, and deacons found in the Orthodox Church. They viewed all believers as spiritually equal and rejected the idea of a human priesthood mediating between God and man. Likewise, they denied the efficacy of the traditional sacraments (baptism, Eucharist, confession), insisting that true faith was an inward and spiritual matter. Opposition to Icons and the Cross – The Paulicians were iconoclasts long before the Iconoclastic Controversy erupted in the Byzantine Empire. They condemned the veneration of images, relics, and the cross itself, viewing such practices as idolatrous and contrary to the commandment against graven images. Dualistic Elements – While not as extreme as the later Bogomils or Cathars, the Paulicians seemed to hold a moderate dualism: they distinguished between a good, spiritual God who created the invisible world, and an evil or inferior being (the Demiurge) responsible for the material world. This belief likely reflected older Persian or Gnostic ideas circulating in the region. Rejection of the Virgin Mary and Saints – They denied the perpetual virginity of Mary and rejected prayers to her or to the saints. Salvation, they taught, was through faith in Christ alone, not through intercession of saints or works of piety. Practices and Lifestyle Paulician communities were organized into simple congregations led by “teachers” and “notaries” instead of priests and bishops. They emphasized Scripture reading, moral purity, and missionary zeal. Their gatherings were often held in private homes or secluded areas, away from imperial surveillance. Because they rejected icons, rituals, and churches, they appeared “unorthodox” to Byzantine authorities. The Byzantine emperors and church leaders considered them heretics and launched severe persecutions. Emperor Constantine V (741–775) and later emperors like Theophilus and Basil I ordered mass executions, deportations, and forced conversions. Nevertheless, Paulicianism persisted for centuries, spreading westward into Thrace and influencing other dualistic movements. What They Got Right and Wrong The Paulicians were right in their criticism of idolatry, ecclesiastical corruption, and the overreliance on rituals. Their emphasis on the authority of Scripture and spiritual faith over external ceremonies anticipated some of the later reformist tendencies seen in groups like the Waldensians and even aspects of the Protestant Reformation. However, they erred in several theological areas. Their rejection of the Old Testament, as well as their dualistic worldview, contradicted orthodox Christian teachings about one Creator God who is both just and loving. By denying the material creation’s goodness, they undermined the biblical doctrine of the Incarnation—Christ’s taking on human flesh to redeem the material world. Furthermore, their rejection of the sacraments and the institutional Church removed important means of grace that early Christianity recognized as biblically ordained. Decline and Legacy Paulicianism began to decline after the 9th century, due to relentless persecution and assimilation. In 872, Emperor Basil I waged a brutal campaign against them, destroying their strongholds and massacring thousands. Many survivors fled into the Balkans, where they influenced the rise of the Bogomils in Bulgaria during the 10th century. From there, similar dualist ideas spread westward, eventually shaping the Cathars of southern France in the 12th century. By the 11th century, Paulicianism had largely disappeared as an independent movement, though its theological echoes lived on in later reformist sects. Some historians even see the Paulicians as early forerunners of Christian dissent—those who challenged the Church’s authority and sought a purer, more spiritual form of Christianity. Branches Bogomils Cathars (Albigensians) Albanian Paulicians Armenian Paulicians Syrian Paulicians Proto-Protestant sects influenced by Paulician teachings

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Lollardy Introduction Lollardy was a pre-Reformation religious reform movement that emerged in England during the late 14th century. It was founded by John Wycliffe, a theologian and Oxford scholar whose ideas would later influence major reformers like Jan Hus and Martin Luther. The term “Lollard” was originally used as a derogatory nickname—likely derived from the Middle Dutch word lollaerd, meaning “mumbler” or “idler.” Despite persecution, the Lollards played a critical role in laying the intellectual and theological groundwork for later Protestant movements. Origins and Founding The origins of Lollardy can be traced to John Wycliffe (c. 1328–1384), who became known as “the Morning Star of the Reformation.” Wycliffe, disturbed by the corruption and materialism he observed within the medieval Catholic Church, began advocating for reform in the 1370s. His teachings were shaped by the growing resentment in England toward papal authority, especially following the papacy’s political involvement and the financial burdens imposed by Rome. Wycliffe taught at Oxford University, where his ideas spread among students, scholars, and eventually the general populace. His followers, known as “Lollards,” carried his message beyond the academic sphere into the towns and countryside of England. Core Beliefs and Practices Lollardy’s central beliefs centered on returning Christianity to the authority of Scripture rather than the decrees of the Church. Wycliffe was among the first to translate the Bible into English, believing that ordinary people should have direct access to God’s Word without the mediation of clergy. This translation became a cornerstone of the Lollard movement. Lollards rejected several Catholic doctrines and practices that they viewed as unscriptural. They denied the doctrine of transubstantiation—the belief that the bread and wine in the Eucharist become the literal body and blood of Christ—arguing instead for a symbolic interpretation. They opposed the veneration of saints, the use of relics, pilgrimages, indulgences, and the practice of auricular confession to priests. Lollards also criticized the Church’s immense wealth, the moral failings of clergy, and the notion of papal supremacy. Socially, they promoted a form of egalitarianism, believing that the true Church was composed not of priests and bishops but of all believers. They opposed warfare, oaths, and even some forms of monarchy, holding that Christ alone should be the head of the Church and ruler of all. What They Got Right and Wrong In many ways, the Lollards anticipated the core tenets of the Protestant Reformation. Their emphasis on Scripture as the ultimate authority (sola scriptura), their rejection of indulgences and clerical corruption, and their insistence that salvation came through faith rather than rituals were remarkably forward-thinking for their time. They were correct in pointing out the deep moral and spiritual decay within the medieval Church, and their push for an English Bible helped democratize access to religious truth. However, some of their positions were viewed as overly radical or poorly developed. For instance, certain Lollard groups adopted extreme anti-clericalism or rejected all forms of ecclesiastical hierarchy, which created confusion about how church order should function. Moreover, their opposition to all forms of oaths and war was impractical in a medieval context, as these were integral parts of governance and daily life. The movement also lacked cohesive leadership after Wycliffe’s death, which made it vulnerable to internal division and external suppression. Persecution and Decline The Church and the English monarchy viewed Lollardy as a direct threat to their authority. In 1401, King Henry IV enacted the statute De heretico comburendo, which legalized the burning of heretics—marking the beginning of violent suppression against Lollards. Many were imprisoned, tortured, or executed, with some burned at the stake for distributing English Bibles or preaching Lollard ideas. Despite this persecution, Lollardy persisted underground for more than a century, especially among lower classes and rural populations. By the early 1500s, however, the movement had largely declined as an organized force. Yet, its spirit lived on. When the Protestant Reformation reached England in the 16th century under figures like William Tyndale and later Thomas Cranmer, it was clear that Wycliffe’s legacy had laid the foundation for a new era of reform. Branches English Lollards Hussites (Bohemian Brethren) Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) Waldensians (influenced indirectly) Peculiar People / Radical Reformation Groups Various proto-Protestant English reformers and sects

Welcome to Light of the World Initiative Then Jesus spoke to them again, saying, “I am the light of the world. He who follows Me shall not walk in darkness, but have the light of life.” -John 8:12 Join us in exploring faith through the lens of Scripture. Explore Click below to visit our ministry partner, The Elijah Project Visit TEP Dynamic Bible Family Tree NEW Go there THE GOSPEL In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made. -John 1:1-3 They have all turned aside, They have together become corrupt; There is none who does good, No, not one. -Psalm 14:3 But your iniquities have separated you from your God; And your sins have hidden His face from you, So that He will not hear. -Isaiah 59:2 For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. -John 3:16 But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; The chastisement for our peace was upon Him, And by His stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; We have turned, every one, to his own way; And the Lord has laid on Him the iniquity of us all. -Isaiah 53:5-6 For I delivered to you first of all that which I also received: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He rose again the third day according to the Scriptures- -1 Corinthians 15:3-4 Jesus said to him, “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through Me." -John 14:6 "-that if you confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus and believe in your heart that God has raised Him from the dead, you will be saved." -Romans 10:9 God (Yahweh) created all things. He created us to have dominion over all the Earth, but we disobeyed Him. The payment for our disobedience, or our sin, is death- physical and spiritual death, which is eternal separation from our Creator, God. Sin is so serious that it must be paid with blood, which is why animals were sacrificed in ancient times, but sin was only excused temporarily- so here's what God did for us: God loves us so much that He came to the Earth as a man, Jesus, who is the only man to have no sin. Although He is still God, He allowed Himself to live in a body that feels pain and has limitations like ours. Jesus was mocked, beaten, whipped, and nailed to a wooden cross to die. Jesus, being innocent and sinless, didn't deserve death like we do, but in His death, He paid the price of sin that we couldn't. That is similar to somebody committing a serious crime and another person voluntarily taking his/her death sentence, while he/she goes free. There is nothing that you must do to earn this payment because it is a gift. To accept the gift, put your faith in Jesus ALONE and you will be saved, which means you go to Heaven. Click below to learn how you can grow in your Christian faith! Let's go Our Mission Our mission is to shine the Light of the Gospel in this dark world. We preach Jesus and care for our communities. Learn More Our Impact 01 Outreach Spreading the Good News of Jesus Christ. Outreach 02 Serve Serve your community. Matthew 25:35-36 Serve 03 Prayer We believe in the power of prayer and miracles. Prayer 04 Discipleship Equipping believers in living a life for Christ. Discipleship If you would like to get involved in this ministry, please email lightoftheworldinitiative@gmail.com and learn how you can serve Christ and your community. Join Us Giving If you would like to support this ministry, please click the button below. Give Follow us on social media

World Mission Society Church of God (WMSCOG) From a biblical Christian perspective, the World Mission Society Church of God (WMSCOG) is dangerous because it preaches a false gospel centered on “God the Mother” and the Korean founder Ahnsahnghong, whom they claim is the second coming of Christ. Scripture is clear that Jesus’ second coming will be visible to the entire world, in glory and power—not in secret or limited to one person in a specific country (Matthew 24:23–27; Revelation 1:7). By exalting a human being as divine and teaching that salvation depends on belief in both “God the Father” and “God the Mother,” the WMSCOG denies the exclusivity of salvation through Jesus Christ alone (John 14:6; Acts 4:12). This turns people’s faith away from the true Christ revealed in Scripture to a counterfeit figure and organization. The group is also spiritually dangerous because it uses fear, manipulation, and isolation to control members, claiming that only their church has the truth and that all others are doomed. Their works-based system—including required feasts, Saturday worship, and allegiance to the church—contradicts the gospel of grace found in the New Testament (Ephesians 2:8–9). By twisting Scripture and claiming new revelations that go beyond the Bible, the WMSCOG deceives people into following a false Christ and false gospel, leading them away from the true freedom, peace, and salvation found only in faith in Jesus Christ. Branches Wicca Druidry Heathenry / Ásatrú Hellenism (Hellenic Polytheism) Kemeticism (Ancient Egyptian Revival) Roman Reconstructionism Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery) Neo-Santería Modern Satanism (LaVeyan, Theistic) Shamanism (Modern/Neo-Shamanic) Discordianism Eclectic Paganism WMSCOG “The Bible testifies that God the Mother exists and gives eternal life.” (WMSCOG official site, “God the Mother”) God the Mother Ahnsahnghong as Christ “Christ Ahnsahnghong is the Second Coming Jesus who restored the truth of the New Covenant.” (Introduction to the Church of God, WMSCOG materials) Heavenly Mother (Zahng Gil-Jah) “Heavenly Mother is the source of the water of life in this age.” (WMSCOG, “The Spirit and the Bride”) Salvation “Only those who believe in God the Father and God the Mother can receive eternal life.” (WMSCOG doctrine summaries) Sabbath “We must keep the Sabbath on Saturday, as Jesus and the apostles did.” (WMSCOG publications) Passover “We must keep the New Covenant Passover to receive the seal of God.” (WMSCOG teachings) Christ's Return WMSCOG teaches Jesus already returned spiritually as Ahnsahnghong in 1948. Exclusive Salvation “Only in the Church of God can one receive salvation.” (WMSCOG official statements) Christianity “The LORD our God, the LORD is one.” (Deut 6:4); “There is one God and one mediator between God and mankind, the man Christ Jesus.” (1 Tim 2:5) God the Mother Ahnsahnghong as Christ Jesus said, “See, I have told you beforehand… if anyone says to you, ‘Here is the Christ,’ do not believe it.” (Matt 24:23–25) Heavenly Mother (Zahng Gil-Jah) “Jesus stood and cried, ‘If anyone thirsts, let him come to me and drink.’” (John 7:37–38) Salvation “Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life.” (John 3:36); “Whoever calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.” (Rom 10:13) Sabbath “Let no one judge you in regard to a Sabbath day.” (Col 2:16–17); “The Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath.” (Matt 12:8) Passover “Do this in remembrance of me.” (Luke 22:19–20); “When he had offered for all time one sacrifice for sins, he sat down.” (Heb 10:12) Christ's Return “This same Jesus… will come back in the same way you have seen him go into heaven.” (Acts 1:11) Exclusive Salvation “Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.” (Acts 2:21); “Whoever believes in him shall not perish.” (John 3:16) Objections 1. Claim: WMSCOG teaches that a living woman is “God the Mother.” Christian Response: WMSCOG teaches that along with God the Father (or God the Father and Son), there is an essential divine “Mother” — specifically a living woman (Zahng Gil‑jah) — who is to be worshipped and is central to salvation. From a biblical Christian perspective, this is wrong because Scripture presents only one God, the Creator, and does not reveal a “God the Mother” who must be worshipped (Isaiah 43:10; 1 Timothy 2:5). It adds a divine person not found in Scripture, thereby compromising the doctrine of God. 2. Claim: WMSCOG asserts that their founder, Ahn Sahng‑hong (d.1985), is the second coming of Christ. Christian Response: WMSCOG holds that Ahn Sahng-hong fulfilled prophecies of the Second Coming and is the Christ returned. Christians object because the Bible teaches that Christ (the incarnate Son of God) will return visibly and gloriously (Acts 1:11; Revelation 1:7), not covertly via a 20th century Korean founder. Assigning divine status or the Christ-return role to such a founder contradicts the New Testament’s depiction of Christ and the gospel. 3. Claim: WMSCOG teaches that salvation is only through their church’s specific observances and membership. Christian Response: According to some sources examining WMSCOG beliefs, salvation in their system includes works such as observance of specific feasts (e.g., Passover of the New Covenant), Sabbath (Saturday worship), and membership in their church. From a biblical Christian viewpoint this is wrong because the New Testament teaches salvation is by grace through faith in Christ alone (Ephesians 2:8-9) and that no one should add works or insider membership as the basis of salvation (Galatians 1:8-9; Colossians 2:8). 4. Claim: WMSCOG re-interprets the Trinity in a way that contradicts Biblical teaching. Christian Response: WMSCOG teaches a doctrine where God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are not distinct co-eternal persons but rather modes or different manifestations, and they bring in a “Mother God” as part of the Godhead. Christians object because the orthodox Christian doctrine of the Trinity affirms one God in three distinct persons, and does not include a “Mother God.” Adding another divine person or shifting the structure of God undermines key Christian teaching on God’s nature (Matthew 28:19; John 1:1; Hebrews 1:3). 5. Claim: WMSCOG’s emphasis on esoteric prophecy and their founder’s interpretation places human teaching above Scripture. Christian Response: WMSCOG often emphasizes fulfillment of prophecy in the founder and uses special interpretation to claim only their church is the true church, while others are false (see their own statements about being the “last Church”). Christians object because the New Covenant teaching holds Scripture as the final authority for faith and practice (2 Timothy 3:16-17) and warns against “secret knowledge” or adding to the revelation of Christ (Revelation 22:18-19). When a human system claims exclusive truth and places its interpretations above Scripture, it becomes spiritually dangerous. 6. Claim: WMSCOG promotes a works-based religion rather than the finished work of Christ. Christian Response: While WMSCOG affirms Christ’s sacrifice, critics note that their doctrine appears to emphasise strict observance of laws (Sabbath, Passover), recruitment, Church membership, and other practices as essential to tangible salvation. Christians believe this is wrong because the Bible teaches that Christ’s one sacrifice was “once for all” (Hebrews 10:10-14) and that believers are justified by faith, not by observing a set of works (Romans 3:28). 7. Claim: WMSCOG teaches exclusive access to salvation through them and labels other churches as false or demonic. Christian Response: Some sources say that WMSCOG teaches “all other churches are Spiritual Babylons … filled with demons.” Christians object because, while the Bible calls for discernment regarding false teaching, it also affirms the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12) and does not support a human-organization claiming to be the sole vehicle of salvation independent of Christ alone. Such exclusivity and denigration of all other believers fosters division and pride rather than unity in Christ. 8. Claim: WMSCOG’s theological novelties (Sabbath on Saturday plus other “third-day services,” new covenant emphasis, special feasts) depart from mainstream Christian orthodoxy. Christian Response: WMSCOG holds that the Sabbath (Saturday) must be observed, Tuesday “third-day service” is required, and so on. Christianity acknowledges the moral law’s abiding nature but teaches Christ fulfilled the Law (Matthew 5:17) and freedom in Christ (Galatians 5:1; Romans 14:5-6). Elevating particular days or extra-biblical services as intrinsically salvific is seen as adding requirements not mandated in the New Testament.

Restoration Movement Origins and Founders The Restoration Movement began in the early 1800s with two primary branches that eventually united. The first was led by Barton W. Stone in Kentucky, who was a Presbyterian minister influenced by the revivalism of the Cane Ridge Revival (1801). Stone became disillusioned with denominational creeds and sought unity among Christians based solely on the Bible. He and his followers called themselves simply “Christians,” rejecting denominational titles altogether. The second branch was founded by Thomas Campbell and his son Alexander Campbell, immigrants from Ireland and Scotland who initially belonged to the Presbyterian Church. In 1809, Thomas Campbell published the Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington, calling for unity among all believers on the basis of Scripture alone. Alexander Campbell, who would become the more prominent leader, began preaching and writing prolifically, emphasizing the authority of the New Testament as the sole guide for faith and practice. By the 1830s, Stone’s and Campbell’s movements had merged due to their shared goals and beliefs, forming a powerful new movement that would later give rise to several distinct groups, including the Churches of Christ, the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and independent Christian Churches. Beliefs and Practices At its heart, the Restoration Movement championed a return to “primitive Christianity” — the faith as practiced by the apostles in the first century. They emphasized the following core principles: Biblical Authority: The Bible, especially the New Testament, was the only rule of faith and practice. Human creeds, confessions, and traditions were rejected as sources of division. Christian Unity: The movement sought to restore unity among Christians by eliminating denominational names and doctrines, believing all believers could unite on the essentials found in Scripture. Baptism by Immersion: They insisted on baptism by full immersion in water for the remission of sins, following the pattern of Acts 2:38. Infant baptism was rejected as unscriptural. Weekly Communion: The Lord’s Supper was observed every Sunday, based on Acts 20:7. Congregational Autonomy: Each local church was to be self-governing, without hierarchical oversight. Restoration over Reformation: Unlike earlier Protestant reformers who sought to “reform” existing churches, the Restorationists aimed to restore the church to its original form — free from denominational structures and clericalism. Their motto captured their mission: “Where the Scriptures speak, we speak; where the Scriptures are silent, we are silent.” What They Got Right and Wrong The Restoration Movement succeeded in several key areas. It revived a desire to base faith solely on the Word of God rather than church traditions. It encouraged serious Bible study among laypeople and reemphasized the priesthood of all believers. The focus on unity and returning to apostolic practices inspired many Christians to reconsider the simplicity and purity of early church life. However, the movement also faced internal contradictions. The emphasis on biblical literalism and rejection of all creeds ironically led to new divisions within the movement itself. Disagreements over instrumental music in worship, missionary societies, and interpretations of Scripture split the unity they had hoped to restore. Some critics argue that the movement’s ideal of “restoration” was overly simplistic, failing to recognize the complexity of early Christian diversity. Additionally, some Restorationists tended toward legalism, measuring faithfulness by adherence to certain practices rather than by grace through faith in Christ. Decline and Legacy The Restoration Movement did not “end” in the traditional sense, but rather evolved into several modern denominations and independent congregations. By the late 19th century, splits had already formed: the Churches of Christ emerged as the more conservative, non-instrumental wing, while the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) took a more liberal, ecumenical path. Independent Christian Churches and Churches of Christ formed a middle ground, maintaining restoration ideals without denominational hierarchy. Despite its divisions, the Restoration Movement left a lasting mark on American Christianity. It influenced evangelical thought on biblical authority, baptism, and congregational independence. The desire for a “New Testament Church” continues to inspire many Christians seeking to cut through denominational barriers and return to the simplicity of Scripture-based faith. Branches Churches of Christ Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) Independent Christian Churches / Churches of Christ International Churches of Christ (ICOC) Christian Churches and Churches of Christ (a cappella) Churches of Christ (non-institutional) Churches of Christ (one cup / mutual edification) Evangelical Christian Church in Canada Christian Connexion (early branch) Church of God (Abrahamic Faith) Christadelphians Church of the Blessed Hope (CGAF)

Confucianism From a biblical Christian perspective, Confucianism is dangerous because it elevates human wisdom, moral effort, and social order above the authority of God and His Word. Confucian teaching emphasizes ethics, filial piety, and proper behavior as the path to a harmonious life, but it offers no solution for sin or the need for salvation through Jesus Christ (Romans 3:23; Ephesians 2:8–9). By trusting in human effort and moral philosophy rather than God’s grace, Confucianism can give people a false sense of righteousness while leaving them spiritually lost and under God’s judgment. Confucianism is also wrong because it denies the personal and relational nature of God, presenting instead a system centered on social hierarchy, duty, and tradition rather than worship of the Creator (Genesis 1:27; Isaiah 43:10). It teaches that moral living and respect for authority are sufficient, but Scripture teaches that true life and eternal hope come only through faith in Christ, not through human effort or adherence to cultural norms (John 14:6; Titus 3:5). From this perspective, Confucianism, while seemingly ethical, is spiritually dangerous because it diverts trust from God to human wisdom and leaves people without access to the forgiveness, redemption, and eternal life only found in Jesus Christ. Branches Ruism Neo-Confucianism Zhu Xi School Wang Yangming School New Confucianism Korean Confucianism (Joseon Confucianism) Japanese Confucianism Vietnamese Confucianism School of Principle (Lixue) School of Mind (Xinxue) Confucianism “He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray.” – Analects 3:13 “Does Heaven speak? The four seasons pursue their courses, and all things are continually being produced; does Heaven say anything?” – Analects 17:19 God Human Nature Salvation “By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.” – Analects 17:2 “The Master said, Is benevolence far off? No sooner do I desire it than it is here.” – Analects 7:30 “The superior man thinks of virtue; the small man thinks of comfort.” – Analects 4:11 “To see what is right and not do it is want of courage.” – Analects 2:24 Family Loyalty Afterlife “Filial piety and fraternal submission!—are they not the root of all benevolent actions?” – Analects 1:2 “While you do not know life, how can you know about death?” – Analects 11:12 Christianity “The heavens declare the glory of God; the sky above proclaims his handiwork.” – Psalm 19:1 “For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen.” – Romans 1:20 God Human Nature Salvation “There is no one righteous, not even one.” – Romans 3:10 “All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.” – Romans 3:23 “For by grace you have been saved through faith—and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God—not by works, so that no one can boast.” – Ephesians 2:8–9 “It is God who works in you to will and to act according to his good purpose.” – Philippians 2:13 Afterlife Family Loyalty “He who loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me.” – Matthew 10:37 “Whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my brother and sister and mother.” – Matthew 12:50 “It is appointed for man to die once, and after that comes judgment.” – Hebrews 9:27 “I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die.” – John 11:25 Objections 1. Claim: “Confucianism teaches moral virtue and proper conduct, which leads to a harmonious society.” Christian Response: While Confucianism promotes ethical behavior, morality alone cannot save a person from sin or reconcile them to God (Romans 3:23; Ephesians 2:8–9). Good works, no matter how noble, do not provide forgiveness or eternal life. True peace and harmony come only through a restored relationship with God through Jesus Christ (John 14:6). 2. Claim: “Filial piety and respect for elders honor the natural order and build strong families.” Christian Response: Respect and honor for parents are good (Ephesians 6:1–3), but placing human authority or family above God can be spiritually dangerous. Scripture calls believers to obey God above all else (Acts 5:29). Confucianism often elevates human hierarchy and duty above obedience to God. 3. Claim: “Rituals and ceremonies cultivate virtue and maintain social stability.” Christian Response: Rituals cannot change the heart or cleanse sin (Isaiah 64:6; Hebrews 10:1–4). God desires genuine faith and repentance, not merely outward conformity. Human traditions cannot substitute for the saving work of Christ. 4. Claim: “Humans are capable of achieving goodness and moral perfection through education and self-cultivation.” Christian Response: Scripture teaches that humans are inherently sinful and cannot attain perfection on their own (Romans 3:10–12; Psalm 51:5). Only Christ provides the righteousness needed for salvation (2 Corinthians 5:21). Reliance on self-effort leads to pride and spiritual blindness. 5. Claim: “Confucianism encourages harmony and ethical duty without reliance on God, which is sufficient.” Christian Response: God is the source of all truth, morality, and life (Psalm 24:1; Colossians 1:16–17). Any system that excludes God leaves people spiritually blind (Romans 1:18–21) and unable to reconcile with their Creator. Ethical behavior without God cannot save. 6. Claim: “Confucian teachings guide people to live virtuously in this life and promote social order.” Christian Response: Temporal order and virtue are not substitutes for eternal salvation. Confucianism ignores the eternal consequences of sin and the need for redemption (Romans 6:23). Without Christ, human virtue cannot reconcile the soul to God. 7. Claim: “Reverence for ancestors preserves cultural heritage and spiritual connection.” Christian Response: Scripture warns against contacting the dead or venerating ancestors (Deuteronomy 18:10–12). Faith and hope should be placed in God and Christ alone (Hebrews 11:4–7), not in deceased relatives. Ancestor worship can easily become idolatrous. 8. Claim: “Education and moral example lead to personal and societal improvement.” Christian Response: While education and role models are good, they cannot address humanity’s fundamental problem—sin (Romans 3:23). Only Christ transforms the heart and grants new life (2 Corinthians 5:17). Confucianism offers no hope for forgiveness or eternal life. 9. Claim: “Confucianism does not require belief in a personal God, making it inclusive and practical.” Christian Response: Inclusivity without God is spiritually dangerous. The Bible teaches there is only one way to salvation—through Jesus Christ (John 14:6; Acts 4:12). A system that denies God’s central role in life leaves people without hope or eternal purpose. 10. Claim: “Following Confucian virtues like righteousness, loyalty, and propriety cultivates moral excellence.” Christian Response: Moral excellence without Christ is insufficient for salvation (Titus 3:5). The heart must be transformed by the Spirit of God, not merely trained by human wisdom. Confucian virtues may guide behavior outwardly but cannot remove sin or grant eternal life.

Serve Learn how you can serve Christ and your community below: "If a brother or sister is naked and destitute of daily food, and one of you says to them, “Depart in peace, be warmed and filled,” but you do not give them the things which are needed for the body, what does it profit?" -James 2:15-16 3 methods to feeding the hungry that anybody can do individually or as a group: bag, box, table Bag For the bag method, you would simply buy bags, whether they be paper, plastic, or backpacks, and fill them with food. You can hand these out of your car window at a red light or approach somebody on foot. This is also a good opportunity to pray for them and offer further help. I recommend bringing a friend along, but this can be done alone. You can go to the local grocery store or purchase the goods online. If you are on a budget, you can go to Dollar Tree and find almost everything you need for $1.25, including bibles. Check expiration dates and quality, and be careful not to leave bags in car, because it may damage some items. You may also include a list of local resources, such as food banks and housing programs. Be sure to include a bible. Gospel tracts and church info may also be included- handwritten works just as well as a card! "But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God." -Matthew 4:4 Here is a checklist you can use: Bible Gospel tract Church card Resource list Silverware (fork, spoon, napkin) Water bottle Can Can opener Ramen Cup (e.g. apple sauce, fruit cup) Snack Granola bar Box Buy or build a wooden box like the ones at parks (take a book, leave a book) and stake it somewhere in your city. Please comply with local laws. Gospel tracts and follow up info may be included inside of the box as well. For more info, visit Little Free Pantry and Liberty Disaster Relief. https://www.littlefreepantry.org/do-i-need-a-permit Liberty Disaster Relief https://youtu.be/CVIQjGZFz8c?si=Bl6SDwmAUB3b5mPi https://youtu.be/RJzoHOs7obc?si=pASU9FqztaNWk5W7 Table Set up table (a plastic foldable table would be a good choice) and hand out hot food, like pizza & drinks with Gospel tracts and bibles. This is a great way to evangelize, but may present some dangers. I recommend doing this as a group Below are links for ordering online, but feel free to purchase them anywhere you'd like! Tracts: https://mwtb.org/pages/tracts?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiA4fi7BhC5ARIsAEV1YiZCBgM2fEamaqdYWhWI8H7dyARDCIn-OYkw8e2uxsDxxm9BT5ofDtMaApazEALw_wcB https://www.tractplanet.com/In-Stock-Gospel-Tracts_c_1.html https://store.fellowshiptractleague.org/mobile/english-tracts-c118.aspx https://livingwaters.com/store/ https://www.gottracts.com/collections/business-card-tracts?srsltid=AfmBOoqWcQz46uboMtsrrTfsrFuf7lxkDIHcxopWICBFjGRM5ocoLQNR https://tracts.needgod.net/index.php Bags: Amazon.com | Vorspack 100 Pcs Drawstring Bags Bulk - Lightweight Drawstring Backpack, Cinch Bag for Party Sport Gym Trip Gift - 20 Colors | Drawstring Bags Bibles: Bibles- NIV, KJV, ESV, NKJV - Christianbook.com Bibles In Bulk - Case Bibles and Free Shipping Bibles by the Case | Bibles in Bulk - ChurchSource Bulk Bibles | Bibles in Bulk | Case Bibles at Up to 55% Off | Concordia Supply Canned food: Amazon.com : Progresso Beef Pot Roast with Country Vegetables Soup, Rich and Hearty Canned Soup, Gluten Free, 18.5 oz (Pack of 12) : Packaged Beef Soups : Everything Else Granola bars: Amazon.com : Nature Valley Crunchy Granola Bars Bulk Variety Pack, Oats 'n Honey, Peanut Butter & Oats 'n Dark Chocolate, 30 Two-Bar Wrapped Pouches (60 Bars Total), Whole Grain, No Artificial Flavors, 44.7 OZ : Everything Else Amazon.com : Quaker Chewy Granola Bars, Chewy & Dipps Variety Pack, (58 Bars), Whole Grains, No Artificial Flavors, No Added Colors : Everything Else Snacks- Amazon.com: Lay's Potato Chips, 4 Flavor Variety Pack, 1 oz Single Serve Bags, (40 Pack) Amazon.com: Chex Sweet & Salty Snack Variety Pack, Individually Wrapped Snack Bags, Party and Lunch Packs, Muddy Buddies Peanut Butter and Chocolate, Chex Mix Traditional, Cheddar, Honey Nut, 35 oz/20 Bags Amazon.com : Classic Mix Snack Variety Pack, Bugles Original and Nacho Cheese, Gardetto's Original Recipe, Chex Mix Traditional and Cheddar, 20 Ct, 28 oz : Everything Else Ramen: Amazon.com : Maruchan Ramen Chicken, Instant Ramen Noodles, Ready to Eat Meals, 3 Oz, 24 Count : Grocery & Gourmet Food Plastic folding table: Amazon.com : Sweetcrispy 4ft Plastic Folding Table Outdoor Indoor Heavy Duty Portable Desk with Carrying Handle for Camping Picnic Party : Patio, Lawn & Garden

Gnosticism From a biblical Christian perspective, Gnosticism is dangerous because it distorts the gospel by teaching that salvation comes through secret knowledge rather than faith in Jesus Christ. Scripture clearly states that salvation is a gift of God’s grace through faith in Christ alone (Ephesians 2:8–9), not through hidden wisdom available only to an elite few. By claiming that the physical world is evil and that only spiritual knowledge can free the soul, Gnosticism denies the goodness of God’s creation (Genesis 1:31) and undermines the truth of Christ’s incarnation—that the Word became flesh (John 1:14). This false teaching effectively strips Jesus of His role as the one and only Savior for all people, replacing Him with a system of human philosophy and secret doctrines. Gnosticism is also spiritually dangerous because it denies key truths of the Christian faith, including the full humanity and deity of Jesus Christ and His bodily resurrection. The apostle John warned against such teachings, calling them the spirit of antichrist (1 John 4:1–3). By rejecting the reality of Christ’s death and resurrection in the flesh, Gnosticism empties the gospel of its saving power (1 Corinthians 15:17). Instead of offering true freedom, it entangles people in pride, elitism, and deception, keeping them from the simplicity of the gospel and the assurance of eternal life found only in Christ. Branches Sethian Gnosticism Valentinianism Basilideanism Marcionism Ophite (Naassene) Gnosticism Cainite Gnosticism Carpocratianism Simonianism Manichaeism Mandaeism Borborite Gnosticism Archontic Gnosticism Peratae (Peratic) Gnosticism Barbeloite Gnosticism Thomasine Gnosticism Gnosticism Creation The world made by an ignorant archon (Yaldabaoth). Doceticism Christ only “seemed” to suffer. Salvation “Whoever finds the interpretation of these sayings will not taste death.” — Logion 1 Christianity Creation In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. - Genesis 1:1 “For My thoughts are not your thoughts, Nor are your ways My ways,” says the Lord. “For as the heavens are higher than the earth, So are My ways higher than your ways, And My thoughts than your thoughts. - Isaiah 55:8-9 Doceticism “Christ suffered once for sins… being put to death in the flesh.” — 1 Peter 3:18 Salvation Ephesians 2:8–9 – "For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast." Romans 10:9 – "If you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved." Objections 1. Claim: “The material world is evil, and only the spiritual realm is good. Salvation means escaping the physical.” Christian Response: Scripture teaches that creation is good because God made it (Genesis 1:31). The problem is sin, not matter itself. Christianity affirms the goodness of the body and the physical world, promising a future bodily resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:42–44) and a new heaven and new earth (Revelation 21:1). God’s plan is redemption, not escape. 2. Claim: “True salvation comes through hidden knowledge (gnosis) given to the enlightened few.” Christian Response: The gospel is not secret but openly proclaimed to all (Romans 10:9–13). Jesus warned against elitist hidden knowledge, instead calling people to childlike faith (Matthew 11:25–26). Salvation is not about possessing mystical information but about trusting in the finished work of Christ (John 3:16). 3. Claim: “Christ only appeared to be human (Docetism), because the divine could not take on corrupt physical flesh.” Christian Response: Denying Christ’s true humanity undermines the gospel. Scripture clearly teaches that Jesus became fully human while remaining fully God (John 1:14; Philippians 2:6–8). Only by truly taking on flesh and dying a real death could He atone for human sin (Hebrews 2:14–17). 4. Claim: “The God of the Old Testament (the Demiurge) is a lesser, evil deity, different from the God revealed by Jesus.” Christian Response: This directly contradicts Scripture, which affirms the unity of God’s character across Old and New Testaments (Deuteronomy 6:4; Malachi 3:6; Hebrews 13:8). Jesus Himself confirmed the authority of the Old Testament and the goodness of the Father who sent Him (Matthew 5:17–18; John 8:54–55). 5. Claim: “The resurrection is only spiritual, not physical, since matter is corrupt.” Christian Response: The New Testament emphasizes the bodily resurrection of Christ (Luke 24:39; John 20:27) and promises believers a physical resurrection like His (Philippians 3:20–21). If the resurrection were merely spiritual, death would not be truly defeated (1 Corinthians 15:17–20). 6. Claim: “What matters most is inner enlightenment, not repentance from sin or obedience to God.” Christian Response: Gnosticism minimizes sin, but the Bible makes clear that sin separates humanity from God (Romans 3:23). Salvation is not about escaping ignorance but receiving forgiveness through Christ’s sacrifice (1 John 1:9). True enlightenment is knowing God through Jesus, not bypassing Him through self-discovery (John 17:3). 7. Claim: “We have higher revelation than the apostles and Scripture—our secret writings prove it.” Christian Response: The apostles were chosen eyewitnesses of Christ (Acts 1:21–22), and Scripture is God-breathed (2 Timothy 3:16). Later “gnostic gospels” contradict the eyewitness testimony of those who walked with Jesus. Paul warned against false teachers claiming special revelations that distort the gospel (Galatians 1:8–9).